ABSTRACTIn this work, the genetic relationship among twelveGarcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. accessions were evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers. The samples were part of the germplasm collected and maintained at NBPGR Regional station, Thrissur, India. Out of thirty RAPD primers used for screening, seven primers produced a total of 128 polymorphic markers in twelve accessions. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) ranged from 0.28 (OPA18) to 0.37 (OPA9) and Marker Index (MI) ranged between 3.61 (OPA12) and 5.93 (OPA3) among the primers used. Jaccard's coefficient of genetic similarity ranged between 0.07 and 0.64. The dendrogram constructed based on the similarity matrix generated from the molecular and morphological data showed the genetic relationship among the sampled accessions. Mantel matrix test showed a positive correlation (r = 0.49) between the cluster analysis of RAPD data and morphological data. The clustering pattern in the molecular dendrogram and Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) showed that the genotypes were diverse, which was in congruence with the similarity index values and morphological dendrogram. High frequency of similarity values in the range of 0.11 to 0.17 suggested the existence of high genetic diversity among the accessions. The high level of genetic diversity among the studied accessions ofG.cambogia was also supported by the large variation in the morphological characters observed in the flowers, leaves, fruits and seeds of these sampled accessions. This is the first report for the molecular based genetic diversity studies for these accessions.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity and antibacterial activity of the extracts from the leaves and fruits of Garcinia indica (Dupetit-Thouars) Choisy and Garcinia cambogia(Gaertn.) Desr. using the Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Two concentrations (25 and 50 mg/mL) of various extracts such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water were tested. Albendazole at the concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/mL was used as the standard reference. Significant anthelmintic effects of the fruits and leaves of G. cambogia and G. indica (P<0.05) were observed and the results were expressed in terms of paralysis and death time. All the extracts showed the dose dependent paralysis and death of earthworms. Among all the extracts used, methanol extract exhibited the highest activity. G. cambogia leaf extract (50 mg/mL) had 30% faster paralysis effect on earthworms than the standard reference. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of the fruits and leaves showed significant (P<0.05) activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. At a concentration of 500 µg/mL, G. indica fruit extract presented higher zones of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Hence, it could be concluded that the leaves and fruits of G. indica and G. cambogia contained active anthelmintic and antibacterial phytochemicals, which could find their applications in pharmaceuticals.

The physicochemical characteristics of milk used for the elaboration of Añejo cheese, a semi-hard and hard cheese typical of Zacazonapan, State of Mexico, Mexico, as well as its production parameters and its agro industrial system (AIS), were studied. The physicochemical study was performed during spring-summer of 2006 in six cheese manufacturing facilities. Spring milk was different (P<0.05) from summer milk in fat, solids non-fat, density, protein content, pH and titratable acidity. Production parameters also showed variability. The AIS shows collective structures only in the primary production phase, as producer organizations, while cheese manufacturers show a strong individualistic trend and mutual mistrust. The agro industrial chain was found to be coordinated vertically, and vertically integrated during the rainy season.

Se estudiaron las características fisicoquímicas de la leche usada para la elaboración del Queso Añejo Zacazonapan, un queso semiduro y duro producido en el Estado de México, los parámetros de fabricación y su sistema agroindustrial (SAI). El estudio fisicoquímico se desarrolló durante la primavera y el verano del 2006, en seis queserías del municipio de Zacazonapan. La leche de primavera fue diferente (P<0.05) a la leche de verano en grasa, sólidos no grasos, densidad, proteína, pH, y acidez titulable. Los parámetros de fabricación del queso también mostraron variabilidad. El SAI presenta estructuras colectivas únicamente en la fase primaria de producción, en la forma de organizaciones de productores, mientras que los queseros muestran una actitud individualista y de desconfianza. La cadena agroindustrial se encuentra coordinada verticalmente, aunque también se puede encontrar integrada verticalmente durante la época de lluvias.